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Data from the 2019 SHEF Report may be freely used with appropriate attribution and citation:

State Higher Education Executive Officers Association. (2020). State Higher Education Finance: FY 2019. Boulder, CO.

The SHEF Data Elements (.pdf) includes a list of all data elements, availability, and definitions. Please contact us for access to additional data elements not posted online.

 

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2019 Report Data
All unadjusted SHEF metrics, 1980-2019
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Homepage Sequence
Data used to create the introductory sequence on the SHEF homepage
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State Effort and Capacity
Data on state revenue, taxes, and effort to fund higher education, 1990-2018
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Data Adjustments
Adjustments for inflation and state comparisons
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Table 1.1
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2004-2019 (Unadjusted Dollars, In Millions)
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Figure 1.1
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources by Fiscal Year
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Figure 1.2
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding by Source and State (Web Only)
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Table 1.2
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2019 (Unadjusted Dollars)
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Table 1.3
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2004-2019 (Unadjusted Dollars, In Millions)
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Figure 1.3
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses by Fiscal Year
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Figure 1.4
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding by Use and State (Web Only)
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Table 1.4
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2019 (Unadjusted Dollars)
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Table 2.1
Impact of Inflation and Enrollment on SHEF Metrics, U.S., FY 1994-2019
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Figure 2.1
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.2
Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State
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Table 2.2
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2019 (Adjusted, Web Only)
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Figure 2.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE and as a Percent of Education Appropriations by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.4
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State
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Table 2.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State (Web Only)
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Figure 2.5
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.6
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State
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Table 2.4
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State (Web Only)
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Map 3.1
Map of Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment (Web Only)
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Figure 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State
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Table 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State
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Map 3.2
Map of Education Appropriations Per FTE
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Figure 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State
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Table 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Map 3.3
Map of State Public Financial Aid Per FTE
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Figure 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State
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Table 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Map 3.4
Map of Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE
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Figure 3.4
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State
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Table 3.4
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Map 3.5
Map of Total Education Revenue Per FTE
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Figure 3.5
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State
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Table 3.5
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Figure 4.1
Effective Tax Rates by State (Web Only)
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Table 4.1
Tax Capacity, Tax Revenues, and Effective Tax Rates by State, FY 2017
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Map 4.2
Map of Allocation to Higher Education
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Figure 4.2
Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State
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Table 4.2
Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State
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Map 4.3
Map of Support Per Capita
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Figure 4.3
Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State
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Table 4.3
Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State (Constant Dollars)
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Map 4.4
Map of Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income
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Figure 4.4
Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State
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Table 4.4
Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State
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Figure 1.1

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources, U.S., FY 2004-2019

Notes:
  1. In some cases, percentages may add up to more than 100 due to funds not available for use. Funds not available for use are appropriations that were returned to the state and portions of multiyear appropriations to be spread over other years.
  2. Other includes non-appropriated funds, multiyear appropriations from previous years, and funds not classified in one of the other source categories.
  3. In all years, endowment and other sources accounted for less than 1 percent of U.S. state and local funding for higher education.
  4. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  5. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  6. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.2

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding From Local Appropriations by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Excludes states with no funding from the selected source.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) funds, tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  6. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  7. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 1.3

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses, U.S., FY 2004-2019

Notes:
  1. In all years, other uses accounted for less than 1 percent of U.S. state and local funding for higher education.
  2. Other uses include funding for non-credit and independent operating.
  3. Other financial aid includes any state appropriated student financial aid to students attending independent (private) or out-of-state institutions.
  4. General operating is the portion of state and local support appropriated directly to public institutions for the purposes of general operations.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.4

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding Used for Research - Agriculture - Medical (RAM) by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Excludes states with no funding allocated to the selected use.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) funds, tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. General operating is the portion of state and local support appropriated directly to public institutions for the purposes of general operations.
  6. RAM is the portion of total state and local appropriations allocated for the direct operations of research, agriculture, public health care services, and medical schools.
  7. Total student financial aid is the sum of any state appropriated student financial aid for public, independent, and out-of-state institutions, excluding loans.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.1

Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE, U.S., FY 1994-2019 (Constant Dollars)

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education.
  3. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.2

Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.3

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE and as a Percent of Education Appropriations, U.S., FY 2001-2019 (Constant Dollars)

Notes:
  1. Constant 2019 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  2. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans. Some respondents could not separate tuition aid from aid for living expenses.
  3. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education.
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.4

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans. Some respondents could not separate tuition aid from aid for living expenses.
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education.
  3. The District of Columbia did not provide data on public financial aid.
  4. New Hampshire ended its public financial aid program in 2011.
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  6. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  8. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.5

Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue, U.S., FY 1994-2019

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures.
  2. Regional averages are based on the U.S. Census designation.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 2.6

Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions that comes from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.1

Map of Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment, FY 2019

Click on a state for additional details

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.1

Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.2

Map of Education Appropriations Per FTE, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Click on a state for additional details

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, and exclude appropriations for independent institutions, financial aid for students attending independent or out-of-state institutions, research, hospitals, and medical education.
  2. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.2

Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, and exclude appropriations for independent institutions, financial aid for students attending independent or out-of-state institutions, research, hospitals, and medical education.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 3.3

Map of State Public Financial Aid Per FTE, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Click on a state for additional details

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans. Some respondents could not separate tuition aid from aid for living expenses.
  2. The District of Columbia did not provide data on public financial aid.
  3. New Hampshire ended its public financial aid program in 2011.
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.3

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans. Some respondents could not separate tuition aid from aid for living expenses.
  2. The District of Columbia did not provide data on public financial aid.
  3. New Hampshire ended its public financial aid program in 2011.
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 3.4

Map of Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in the net tuition revenue figures above.
  2. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.4

Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in the net tuition revenue figures above.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 3.5

Map of Total Education Revenue Per FTE, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Click on a state for additional details

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service.
  2. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.5

Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2019 (Adjusted)

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.1

Effective Tax Rates by State, FY 2017

Notes:
  1. Constant dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  2. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  3. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  5. Effective tax rates are calculated from actual tax revenues divided by total taxable resources. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments. Total taxable resources (TTR) are the unduplicated sum of the income flows produced within a state (gross state product) and the income flows received by its residents (state personal income) which a state can potentially tax, minus components presumed not taxable by the state plus various components of income derived from out-of-state sources.
  6. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the per-capita general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  7. Total taxable resources (TTR) are a per-capita measure of income flows produced within a state (gross state product) and the income flows received by its residents (state personal income) which a state can potentially tax, minus components presumed not taxable by the state plus various components of income derived from out-of-state sources.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2017 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances. Total taxable resources are from the U.S. Treasury Department. Population data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 4.2

Map of Allocation to Higher Education, FY 2017

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  3. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2017 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances. Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Figure 4.2

Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State, FY 2017

Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  3. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2017 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances. Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Map 4.3

Map of Support Per Capita, FY 2018

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  2. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  3. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  4. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.3

Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State, FY 2018 (Adjusted)

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  2. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  3. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  4. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 4.4

Map of Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income, FY 2018

1980 2019
Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.
Figure 4.4

Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State, FY 2018

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.