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Data Downloads

Data from the 2023 SHEF Report may be freely used with appropriate attribution and citation:

State Higher Education Executive Officers Association. (2024). State Higher Education Finance: FY 2023.

The SHEF Data Definitions (.pdf) includes a list of all data elements, availability, and definitions. Please contact us for access to additional data elements not posted online.

Note: For Capital Appropriations, Federal Stimulus Funding, Performance-Based Funding, and Residency datasets, see the “Additional Datasets” section.

2023 Report Data
All unadjusted SHEF metrics, 1980-2023
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2023 Sector Data
All sector-level SHEF metrics, 2019-2023
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Homepage Sequence
Data used to create the introductory sequence on the SHEF homepage
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State Effort and Capacity
Data on state revenue, taxes, and effort to fund higher education, 1980-2022
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Data Adjustments
Adjustments for inflation and state comparisons
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Table 1.1
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2008-2023 (Unadjusted Dollars, In Millions)
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Figure 1.1
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources by Fiscal Year
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Table 1.2
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2023 (Unadjusted Dollars)
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Figure 1.2
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding from Source by State
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Table 1.3
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2008-2023 (Unadjusted Dollars, In Millions)
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Figure 1.3
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses by Fiscal Year
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Figure 1.4
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding for Use by State
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Table 1.4
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2023 (Unadjusted Dollars)
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Table 2.1
Impact of Inflation and Enrollment on SHEF Metrics, U.S., FY 1980-2023
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Table 2.1A
Impact of Inflation and Enrollment on SHEF Metrics by Sector, U.S., FY 2019-2023
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Figure 2.1
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.2
Cumulative Annual Percent Change in Public Education Appropriations per FTE Following Economic Recessions
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Figure 2.3
Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State
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Table 2.2
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023 (Adjusted)
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Figure 2.4
Public Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by Sector and State
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Figure 2.5
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE and as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.6
Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by Fiscal Year
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Map 3.1
Map of Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment
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Figure 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State
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Table 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 1980-2023
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Figure 3.1A
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023
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Table 3.1A
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023
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Map 3.2
Map of Education Appropriations per FTE
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Figure 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by State
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Table 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by State, FY 1980-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Figure 3.2A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by State, FY 2023
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Table 3.2A
Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Table 3.2B
Components of Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2023 (Adjusted)
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Map 3.3
Map of State Public Financial Aid per FTE
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Figure 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by State
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Table 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by State, FY 2001-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Figure 3.3A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by State, FY 2023
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Table 3.3A
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Figure 3.4
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by State
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Table 3.4
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2001-2023
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Figure 3.4A
Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year State Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2023
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Table 3.4A
State Public Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023
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Map 4.1
Map of Net Tuition Revenue per FTE
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Figure 4.1
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State
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Table 4.1
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 1980-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Figure 4.1A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023
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Table 4.1A
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Map 4.2
Map of Total Education Revenue per FTE
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Figure 4.2
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by State, FY 1980-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Table 4.2
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by State, FY 1980-2023
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Figure 4.2A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023
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Table 4.2A
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023 (Constant Adjusted Dollars)
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Map 4.3
Map of Student Share
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Table 4.3
Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 1980-2023
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Figure 4.3
Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2023
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Figure 4.3A
Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2023
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Table 4.3A
Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by Sector and State, FY 2019-2023
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Figure 1
Effective Tax Rates by State, FY 2021
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Table 1
Tax Capacity, Tax Revenues, and Effective Tax Rates by State, FY 2021
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Map 1
Allocation to Higher Education in FY 2021
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Figure 2
Percentage of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State, FY 2021
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Table 2
Percentage of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State, FY 1980-2021
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Map 2
Higher Education Support per Capita in FY 2022
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Figure 3
Higher Education Support per Capita by State, FY 2022
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Table 3
Higher Education Support per Capita by State, FY 1980-2022 (Constant Dollars)
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Map 3
Higher Education Support per $1,000 of Personal Income in FY 2022
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Figure 4
Higher Education Support per $1,000 of Personal Income by State, FY 2022
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Table 4
Higher Education Support per $1,000 of Personal Income by State, FY 1980-2022
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2023 Capital Appropriations Data
Capital appropriations data, 2020-2023
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2023 Federal Stimulus Funding Data
Federal stimulus funding data, 2009-2023
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2023 Performance-Based Funding Data
Performance-based funding data, 2020-2023
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2023 Student Residency Data
Student residency data, 2020-2023
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Figure 1.1

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources, U.S., FY 2008-2023

Notes:
  1. In some cases, percentages may add up to more than 100 due to funds not available for use. Funds not available for use are appropriations that were returned to the state and portions of multiyear appropriations to be spread over other years.
  2. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  3. Federal stimulus funding is provided to state governments to stabilize state and local sources of revenue for higher education. It includes funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) during the Great Recession, the 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, the 2020 Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations (CRRSA) Act, and the 2021 American Rescue Plan (ARP) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Federal stimulus must be state allocated and excludes aid provided directly to institutions (such as HEERF) and funding used for capital projects.
  4. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
  5. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  6. In all years, state-funded endowment earnings and other sources accounted for 3% or less of total state and local funding for higher education. Other sources include non-appropriated funds, multiyear appropriations from previous years, and funds not classified in one of the other source categories.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.2

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding from , FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Excludes states with no selected funding source.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of federal stimulus funds, state and local tax appropriations, non-tax support, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use.
  3. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  4. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
  5. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  6. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.3

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses, U.S., FY 2008-2023

Notes:
  1. In all years, other uses accounted for less than 1% of total state and local funding for higher education. Other uses include funding for non-credit and independent operating.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  3. General public operations are any state and local support for public higher education institutions and agencies, excluding RAM, financial aid, and non-credit and continuing education. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  4. RAM refers to the total appropriations intended for the direct operations of research, agriculture, public health care services, and medical schools.
  5. Other financial aid includes any state appropriated student financial aid to students attending independent (private) or out-of-state institutions.
  6. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. In several states, financial aid may include unawarded funds that were reverted back to the state.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.4

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding Used for , FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Excludes states with no selected funding use.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  3. General public operations are any state and local support for public higher education institutions and agencies, excluding RAM, financial aid, and non-credit and continuing education. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  4. RAM refers to the total appropriations intended for the direct operations of research, agriculture, public health care services, and medical schools.
  5. Total student financial aid is the sum of any state appropriated student financial aid for public, independent, and out-of-state institutions, excluding loans.
  6. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 2.1

Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE, U.S., FY 1998-2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.2

Cumulative Annual Percent Change in Public Education Appropriations per FTE Following Economic Recessions, U.S., FY 1980-2023

Notes:
  1. Cumulative annual percent change calculated since the start of each recession (1980, 1990, 2001, 2008, and 2020).
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 2.3

Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  4. In fiscal year 2023 FTE enrollment is estimated for Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania; federal stimulus is estimated for Kentucky; net tuition and fee revenue is estimated for Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  5. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
  6. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  7. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  8. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  9. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.4

Public Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by Sector, U.S., FY 2019-2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations include any portion of federal stimulus funding allocated specifically to each sector, but exclude state agency funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  5. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

COLI is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

HECA estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

Figure 2.5

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE and as a Percentage of Education Appropriations, U.S., FY 2001-2023

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. Financial aid data are not available prior to 2001. Over time, states have shifted from reporting appropriated student financial aid to reporting actual/awarded student financial aid (see measurement note). Any such updates are made to all historical data for each state.
  3. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.6

Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue, U.S., FY 1980-2023

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Regional averages are based on the U.S. Census designation.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.1

Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment, FY 2023

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 FTE enrollment is estimated for Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.1

Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 FTE enrollment is estimated for Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.1A

Percentage of Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  4. Fiscal year 2023 sector-level FTE enrollment is estimated for Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  5. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.2

Education Appropriations per FTE, FY 2023

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 education appropriations include estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky.
  3. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.2

Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.2A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Appropriations per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations include any portion of federal stimulus funding allocated specifically to each sector, but exclude state agency funding.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  4. Fiscal year 2023 sector-level education appropriations include estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky.
  5. In California, state funds for nontuition financial aid are classified as uncategorizable state support. Therefore, they are not included in sector-level education appropriations. See the California State Spotlight for more details.
  6. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.3

State Public Financial Aid per FTE, FY 2023

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. In several states, financial aid may include unawarded funds that were reverted back to the state.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 state public financial aid is estimated for Pennsylvania.
  3. In California, state funds used for nontuition financial aid are estimated and classified as uncategorizable state support. Therefore, they are not included in state financial aid. See the California State Spotlight for more details.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.3

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. In several states, financial aid may include unawarded funds that were reverted back to the state.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Fiscal year 2023 state public financial aid is estimated for Pennsylvania.
  4. In California, state funds used for nontuition financial aid are estimated and classified as uncategorizable state support. Therefore, they are not included in state financial aid. See the California State Spotlight for more details.
  5. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  6. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  8. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  9. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.3A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education State Financial Aid per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. Sector-level state public financial aid excludes any financial aid that could not be categorized by sector. Differences in aid amounts across sector capture variation in the proportion of students receiving an award as well as differences in average award size.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  4. Fiscal year 2023 two- and four-year state public financial aid is estimated for Pennsylvania.
  5. In California, state funds for nontuition financial aid are classified as uncategorizable state support. Therefore, they are not included in sector-level financial aid. See the California State Spotlight for more details.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.4

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. In fiscal year 2023, education appropriations include estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky and state public financial aid for Pennsylvania.
  3. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  5. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. In several states, financial aid may include unawarded funds that were reverted back to the state.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.4A

Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year State Financial Aid as a Percentage of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, it includes aid for both tuition costs and living expenses. Sector-level state public financial aid excludes any financial aid that could not be categorized by sector. Differences in aid amounts across sector capture variation in the proportion of students receiving an award as well as differences in average award size.
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations include any portion of federal stimulus funding allocated specifically to each sector, but exclude state agency funding.
  3. Percentage point differences show the number of percentage points by which the student share is higher at either two- or four-year institutions, not the percent difference between the two.
  4. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  5. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  6. In fiscal year 2023, sector-level education appropriations include estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky and state public financial aid for Pennsylvania.
  7. In California, state funds for nontuition financial aid are estimated and classified as uncategorizable state support, which is not included in sector-level education appropriations, nor sector-level financial aid. See the California State Spotlight for more details.
  8. Each year, approximately one-third of education appropriations in Illinois go toward the state’s retirement pension system. See the Illinois State Spotlight for more details.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 4.1

Net Tuition Revenue per FTE, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 net tuition and fee revenue includes estimates for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.1

Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Fiscal year 2023 net tuition and fee revenue includes estimates for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.1A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  4. Fiscal year 2023 sector-level net tuition and fee revenue includes estimates for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 4.2

Total Education Revenue per FTE, FY 2023

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 total education revenue includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky and estimated net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.2

Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Fiscal year 2023 total education revenue includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky and estimated net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  4. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.2A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue per FTE by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service. Sector-level total education revenue includes any portion of federal stimulus funding allocated specifically to each sector.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  4. Fiscal year 2023 sector-level total education revenue includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky, estimated two- and four-year public financial aid for Pennsylvania, estimated two- and four-year net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania, and estimated two-year net tuition and fee revenue for Massachusetts.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 4.3

Student Share, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 student share includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky, estimated state public financial aid for Pennsylvania, and estimated net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 4.3

Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Fiscal year 2023 student share includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky, estimated state public financial aid for Pennsylvania, and estimated net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 4.3A

Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Net Tuition as a Percentage of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2023

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Percentage point differences show the number of percentage points by which the student share is higher at either two- or four-year institutions, not the percent difference between the two.
  3. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
  5. Fiscal year 2023 sector-level student share includes estimated federal stimulus for Kentucky, estimated two- and four-year public financial aid for Pennsylvania, estimated two- and four-year net tuition and fee revenue for Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania, and estimated two-year net tuition and fee revenue for Massachusetts.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1

, FY 2021

Notes:
  1. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  2. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Effective tax rates are calculated from actual tax revenues divided by total taxable resources. Actual tax revenue data are state and local tax revenues. Total taxable resources equals the taxable gross state product (GDP).
  5. Actual tax revenue data are state and local tax revenues.
  6. Total taxable resources equals the taxable gross state product (GDP).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances.
  • Total taxable resources are from the U.S. Treasury Department.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 1

Allocation to Higher Education, FY 2021

Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  3. Actual tax revenue data are state and local tax revenues.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances. Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Figure 2

Percentage of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State, FY 2021

Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  3. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
  5. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances.
  • Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Map 2

Higher Education Support per Capita, FY 2022

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical (RAM).
  2. Constant 2022 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant 2022 dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Census Bureau Population and Housing Unit Estimates.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3

Higher Education Support per Capita by State, FY 2022

Notes:
  1. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant 2023 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Census Bureau Population and Housing Unit Estimates.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 3

Higher Education Support per $1,000 of Personal Income, FY 2022

Notes:
  1. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.
Figure 4

Higher Education Support per $1,000 of Personal Income by State, FY 2022

Notes:
  1. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.