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Data Downloads

Data from the 2020 SHEF Report may be freely used with appropriate attribution and citation:

State Higher Education Executive Officers Association. (2021). State Higher Education Finance: FY 2020.

The SHEF Data Elements (.pdf) includes a list of all data elements, availability, and definitions. Please contact us for access to additional data elements not posted online.

 

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2020 Report Data
All unadjusted SHEF metrics, 1980-2020
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2020 Sector Data
All sector-level SHEF metrics, 2019-2020
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Homepage Sequence
Data used to create the introductory sequence on the SHEF homepage
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State Effort and Capacity
Data on state revenue, taxes, and effort to fund higher education, 1990-2019
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Data Adjustments
Adjustments for inflation and state comparisons
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Table 1.1
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2005-2020 (Unadjusted)
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Figure 1.1
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources by Fiscal Year
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Figure 1.2
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding by Source and State (Web Only)
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Table 1.2
Sources of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2020 (Unadjusted)
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Table 1.3
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding in the U.S., FY 2005-2020 (Unadjusted)
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Figure 1.3
Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses by Fiscal Year
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Figure 1.4
Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding by Use and State (Web Only)
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Table 1.4
Uses of State and Local Higher Education Funding by State, FY 2020 (Unadjusted)
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Table 2.1
Impact of Inflation and Enrollment on SHEF Metrics, U.S., FY 1980-2020
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Table 2.1A
Impact of Inflation and Enrollment on SHEF Metrics by Sector, U.S., FY 2019-2020
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Figure 2.1
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.2
Cumulative Annual Percent Change in Education Appropriations Per FTE Following Economic Recessions
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Figure 2.3
Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State
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Table 2.2
Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020 (Web Only)
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Figure 2.4
Public Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by Sector, FY 2019-2020
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Figure 2.5
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE and as a Percent of Education Appropriations by Fiscal Year
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Figure 2.6
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by Fiscal Year
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Map 3.1
Map of Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment
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Figure 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by Sector and State
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Table 3.1
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 1980-2020
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Figure 3.1A
Percent of Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment Attending Two-Year Institutions by State, FY 2020
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Table 3.1A
Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Map 3.2
Map of Education Appropriations Per FTE
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Figure 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by Sector and State
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Table 3.2
Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State, FY 1980-2020
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Figure 3.2A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State, FY 2020
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Table 3.2A
Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Table 3.2B
Components of Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2020
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Map 3.3
Map of State Public Financial Aid Per FTE
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Figure 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by Sector and State
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Table 3.3
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State, FY 2001-2020
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Figure 3.3A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State, FY 2020
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Table 3.3A
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Figure 3.4
Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by Sector and State
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Table 3.4
State Public Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2001-2020 (Web Only)
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Figure 3.4A
Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2020
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Table 3.4A
State Public Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020 (Web Only)
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Map 4.1
Map of Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE
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Figure 4.1
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by Sector and State
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Table 4.1
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 1980-2020
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Figure 4.1A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020
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Table 4.1A
Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Map 4.2
Map of Total Education Revenue Per FTE
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Figure 4.2
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by Sector and State
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Table 4.2
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 1980-2020
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Figure 4.2A
Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020
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Table 4.2A
Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Map 4.3
Map of Student Share
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Table 4.3
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 1980-2020
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Figure 4.3
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by Sector and State
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Figure 4.3A
Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2020
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Table 4.3A
Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by Sector and State, FY 2019-2020
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Figure 1
Effective Tax Rates by State
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Table 1
Tax Capacity, Tax Revenues, and Effective Tax Rates by State
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Map 1
Map of Allocation to Higher Education
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Figure 2
Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State
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Table 2
Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State
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Map 2
Map of Support Per Capita
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Figure 3
Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State
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Table 3
Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State
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Map 3
Map of Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income
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Figure 4
Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State
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Table 4
Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State
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Figure 1.1

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Sources, U.S., FY 2005-2020

Notes:
  1. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  2. Federal stimulus funding is provided to state governments to stabilize state and local sources of revenue for higher education and includes funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) during the Great Recession and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in 2020. Federal stimulus must be state-allocated and excludes aid provided directly to institutions.
  3. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
  4. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  5. Other sources include non-appropriated funds, multiyear appropriations from previous years, and funds not classified in one of the other source categories.
  6. In some cases, percentages may add up to more than 100 due to funds not available for use. Funds not available for use are appropriations that were returned to the state and portions of multiyear appropriations to be spread over other years.
  7. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  8. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  9. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.2

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding From FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Excludes states with no local funding.
  2. Total state and local support is the sum of federal stimulus funds, state and local tax appropriations, non-tax support, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Tax appropriations are any appropriations from state government taxes to institutions for operations and other higher education activities.
  6. Non-tax support includes any appropriated non-tax state support set aside by the state for higher education. This may include, but is not limited to, allocations from lotteries (including lottery scholarships), tobacco settlements, casinos, or other gaming sources.
  7. Local appropriations are the sum of tax appropriations from any government entity below the state level to public institutions for operating expenses. Local appropriations do not include grants from local nonprofit organizations such as chambers of commerce and charitable foundations.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 1.3

Distribution of State and Local Higher Education Funding Uses, U.S., FY 2005-2020

Notes:
  1. General public operating is any state and local support for public higher education not allocated to one of the subsequent categories. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  2. RAM is the portion of total state and local appropriations allocated for the direct operations of research, agriculture, public health care services, and medical schools.
  3. Other financial aid includes any state appropriated student financial aid to students attending independent (private) or out-of-state institutions.
  4. Other uses include funding for non-credit and independent operating.
  5. General operating is the portion of state and local support appropriated directly to public institutions for the purposes of general operations.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1.4

Percentage of State and Local Higher Education Funding Used for FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Total state and local support is the sum of tax appropriations, non-tax support, local appropriations, non-appropriated support, state-funded endowment earnings, and other state funds, net of any funds not available for use. Federal stimulus funding is not included.
  2. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. General operating is the portion of state and local support appropriated directly to public institutions for the purposes of general operations.
  5. RAM is the portion of total state and local appropriations allocated for the direct operations of research, agriculture, public health care services, and medical schools.
  6. Total student financial aid is the sum of any state appropriated student financial aid for public, independent, and out-of-state institutions, excluding loans.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.1

Public FTE Enrollment, Education Appropriations Per FTE, and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE, U.S., FY 1995-2020

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.2

Cumulative Annual Percent Change in Education Appropriations per FTE Following Economic Recessions, U.S., FY 1980-2019

Notes:
  1. Cumulative annual percent change calculated since the start of each recession (1980, 1990, 2001, and 2008).1
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.2
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.3
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 2.3

Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations do not include federal stimulus or state agency funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.4

Public Education Appropriations and Net Tuition Revenue per FTE by Sector, U.S., FY 2019-2020

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations do not include federal stimulus or state agency funding.
  2. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.
  3. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

COLI is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

HECA estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

Figure 2.5

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE and as a Percent of Education Appropriations, U.S., FY 2001-2020

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. Financial aid data are not available prior to 2001. Over time, states have shifted from reporting appropriated student financial aid to reporting actual/awarded student financial aid (see measurement note). Any such updates are made to all historical data for each state.
  3. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 2.6

Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue, U.S., FY 1980-2020

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures. Total education revenue includes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Regional averages are based on the U.S. Census designation.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.1

Map of Net Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment, FY 2020

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.1

Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.1A

Percent of Public Higher Education Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment Attending Two-Year Institutions by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Full-time equivalent enrollment converts student credit hours to full-time, academic year students, but excludes medical students.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.2

Map of Education Appropriations Per FTE, FY 2020

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses, and exclude appropriations for independent institutions, financial aid for students attending independent or out-of-state institutions, research, hospitals, and medical education.
  2. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  6. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.2

Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.2A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Appropriations Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations do not include federal stimulus or state agency funding.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 3.3

Map of State Public Financial Aid Per FTE, FY 2020

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, state public financial aid includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. Financial aid data are not available prior to 2001. Over time, states have shifted from reporting appropriated student financial aid to reporting actual/awarded student financial aid. Any such updates are made to all historical data for each state.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.3

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, state public financial aid includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia. Data for the District of Columbia are not available prior to 2011.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.3A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education State Financial Aid Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, state public financial aid includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses. Differences in aid amounts across sector capture variation in the proportion of students receiving an award as well as differences in average award size.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. Alabama is not able to determine the sector for 90% of their state public financial aid at this time. Funds listed here include financial aid distributed through the Alabama Commission on Higher Education only and do not reflect all state financial aid.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 3.4

Public Higher Education State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, state public financial aid includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Education appropriations include federal stimulus funding.
  3. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia. Data for the District of Columbia are not available prior to 2011.
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  7. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  8. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3.4A

Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year State Financial Aid as a Percent of Education Appropriations by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. State public financial aid is any state appropriated student financial aid for public institutions, excluding loans and aid for students attending medical schools. For many states, state public financial aid includes aid both for tuition costs and living expenses.
  2. Education appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses and student financial aid, excluding appropriations for research, hospitals, and medical education. Sector-level education appropriations exclude federal stimulus funding.
  3. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia. There are no two-year public institutions in Alaska or the District of Columbia.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 4.1

Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in the net tuition revenue figures above.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.1A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Net Tuition Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Net tuition revenue is calculated by taking the gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or discounts, and medical student tuition and fees. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. FY 2019 and 2020 include estimated net tuition revenue for Idaho, and FY 2020 includes estimated net tuition revenue for Pennsylvania.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu). Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges and “less-than-two-year” degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 4.2

Map of Total Education Revenue Per FTE, FY 2020

Click on a state for additional details

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service.
  2. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  6. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.2

Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia.
  3. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  4. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  6. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  7. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 4.2A

Percent Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Public Higher Education Total Education Revenue Per FTE by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Total education revenue is the sum of education appropriations and net tuition, excluding net tuition revenue used for capital debt service. Sector-level total education revenue excludes federal stimulus funding.
  2. Alaska and the District of Columbia are excluded from this figure because they do not have any public two-year institutions.
  3. FY 2019 and 2020 include estimated net tuition revenue for Idaho, and FY 2020 includes estimated net tuition revenue for Pennsylvania.
  4. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu). Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges and “less-than-two-year” degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Map 4.3

Map of Student Share, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 4.3

Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions that comes from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures.
  2. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/). Baccalaureate/Associate's Colleges and "less-than-two-year" degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 4.3A

Difference in Two-Year and Four-Year Net Tuition as a Percent of Total Education Revenue by State, FY 2020

Notes:
  1. The student share is a measure of the proportion of total education revenue at public institutions coming from net tuition revenue. Net tuition revenue used for capital debt service is included in net tuition revenue, but excluded from total education revenue in calculating the above figures.
  2. The U.S. calculation does not include the District of Columbia. There are no two-year public institutions in Alaska or the District of Columbia.
  3. Sector is determined at the institution level using the Carnegie Basic Classification (https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu). Baccalaureate/Associate’s Colleges and “less-than-two-year” degree-granting institutions not assigned a Carnegie classification are considered two-year institutions
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
Figure 1

Effective Tax Rates by State, FY 2018

Notes:
  1. Effective tax rates are calculated from actual tax revenues divided by total taxable resources.
  2. Actual tax revenues are state and local tax revenues.
  3. Total taxable resources equals the taxable gross state product (GDP).
  4. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  6. Effective tax rates are calculated from actual tax revenues divided by total taxable resources. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments. Total taxable resources (TTR) are the unduplicated sum of the income flows produced within a state (gross state product) and the income flows received by its residents (state personal income) which a state can potentially tax, minus components presumed not taxable by the state plus various components of income derived from out-of-state sources.
  7. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the per-capita general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  8. Total taxable resources (TTR) are a per-capita measure of income flows produced within a state (gross state product) and the income flows received by its residents (state personal income) which a state can potentially tax, minus components presumed not taxable by the state plus various components of income derived from out-of-state sources.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances.
  • Total taxable resources are from the U.S. Treasury Department.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 1

Map of Allocation to Higher Education, FY 2018

Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  3. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances. Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Figure 2

Percent of Tax and Lottery Revenues Allocated to Higher Education by State, FY 2018

Notes:
  1. Allocation to higher education is higher education support as a proportion of actual tax revenues and lottery profits.
  2. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  3. Actual tax revenue (ATR) data are the total general revenues derived from taxation by state and local governments.
  4. Lottery profits are the revenues from all lotto games and gaming operations, where applicable, that are transferred to beneficiaries.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Actual tax revenues are from the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances.
  • Lottery profits are from the North American Association of State and Provincial Lotteries.
Map 2

Map of Support Per Capita, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
  2. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  3. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
  4. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  5. Constant 2018 dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Figure 3

Public Higher Education Support Per Capita by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical. Federal stimulus funding is included in this figure.
  2. Constant 2020 dollars adjusted by the Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA).
  3. Constant dollars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
  4. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Enrollment Mix Index (EMI).
  5. Adjusted to account for interstate differences using the Cost of Living Index (COLI). The COLI is not a measure of inflation over time.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Population data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.

The Enrollment Mix Index (EMI) adjusts for differences in the distribution of enrollment by sector in each state compared to the national enrollment distribution. EMI is not used on sector-level data.

The Cost of Living Index (COLI) is calculated based on the weighted average of county-level data collected by the Council for Community and Economic Research.

The Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA) estimates inflation in the costs paid by colleges and universities. HECA adjusts for inflation from the state perspective.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change over time in the prices consumers pay for a variety of goods and services in the U.S. CPI adjusts for inflation from the consumer (student) perspective.

Map 3

Map of Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.
Figure 4

Public Higher Education Support Per $1,000 of Personal Income by State, FY 2019

Notes:
  1. Higher education support is state and local tax and non-tax support for public and independent higher education, including special purpose appropriations for research-agriculture-medical. Federal stimulus funding is included in this figure.
Source(s):
  • State Higher Education Executive Officers Association
  • Personal income data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Income Division.